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81.
Md. Musfiqur Rahman Tae Woong Na A. M. Abd El-Aty Jong-Hyouk Park M. N. U. Al Mahmud Angel Yang Ki Hun Park Jae-Han Shim 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(11):9461-9469
The pre-harvest residue limit (PHRL) of abamectin (abamectin B1a and B1b) in Perilla frutescens leaves grown under greenhouse conditions were investigated using high-performance liquid chromatography with a fluorescence detector. Samples were extracted with acetonitrile. The extract was purified through a solid phase extraction procedure. Then the purified extract was derivatized with trifluoroacetic anhydride and N-methylimidazole to form a strong stable fluorescent derivative of abamectin. Finally, derivatized abamectins were conveyed to the detector via an Atlantis C18 column, with water and methanol as a mobile phase. Calibration curves were linear over the calibration ranges with coefficients of determinants r 2?≥?0.999. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.0033 and 0.01 mg kg?1 for abamectin B1a and B1b, respectively. Recovery was assessed in a control matrix at two different fortification concentrations, with three replicates for each concentration. Good recoveries were obtained for the target analytes and ranged from 82.11 to 93.03 %, with relative standard deviations of less than 8 %. The rate of disappearance of total abamectin on perilla leaves for recommended and double the recommended doses was described as first-order kinetics with a half-life of 0.7 days. Using the PHRL curve, we could predict the residue level of total abamectin to be 0.92 mg kg?1 at 7 days before harvest or 0.26 mg kg?1 at 4 days before harvest, which would be below the provisional MRL designed by the Korea Food and Drug Administration. 相似文献
82.
Extra-pair paternity in the monogamous Alpine marmot revealed by nuclear DNA microsatellite analysis 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
Benoît Goossens Laurent Graziani Lisette P. Waits Etienne Farand Séverine Magnolon Jacques Coulon Marie-Claude Bel Pierre Taberlet Dominique Allainé 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1998,43(4-5):281-288
The genetic parentage and pedigrees of 35 litters from 12 family groups of monogamous Alpine marmot (Marmota marmota) in the French Alps were analyzed using six hypervariable sequence repeat nuclear loci (microsatellites). All of the members
of these family groups were sampled during a 5-year period. Hairs taken directly from animals served as a source of DNA for
amplification of the loci. Our results indicate that the genetic mating system of the Alpine marmot is quite different from
a strictly monogamous breeding system. Extra-pair paternity occurred in 11 of the 35 litters (31.4%). Of the 134 juveniles
typed, 26 (19.4%) could be attributed to extra-pair copulation (EPC). We examine hypotheses which could explain the evolution
of EPC and discuss the different patterns of extra-pair mating.
Received: 11 July 1997 / Accepted after revision: 23 May 1998 相似文献
83.
Bradley J. Ingebrethsen David L. Heavner Anthony L. Angel James M. Conner Thomas J. Steichen C. R. Green 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(4):413-417
Particulate mass concentration measurements have been made on environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) for the purpose of assessing the relative accuracy of several measurement procedures. ETS over a range of concentrations was generated in an environmental chamber by three methods. Mass concentration was measured by a gravimetric/spectrophotometric collection procedure, piezoelectric particle mass monitors, two nephelometry-based mass monitors, and a particle counting and sizing system. Two-hour average mass concentrations were determined by each method for concentrations ranging from very low levels up to those achieved by smoking one entire cigarette in the chamber. Statistical comparisons were made among procedures employing the gravimetric filter measurement as the basis for comparison. One nephelometry-based procedure gave significantly higher and the other significantly lower values than the filter determination. In one case, a correction for the difference between the particle mass density of the calibrating aerosol and that of ETS brought the nephelometry-based procedure into reasonable agreement with the filter measurement, while for the other, the correction did not resolve the discrepancy between methods. Statistically significant differences between the responses of two supposedly identical piezoelectric mass monitors were found, as was some slight dependence of the nephelometry- based procedures on method of ETS generation. In summary, the results indicate that significant errors can be expected if the instruments studied are used “off the shelf,” even for ETS generated under controlled laboratory conditions. Caution should be employed in field measurements where numerous sources and types of particulate matter can be encountered. 相似文献
84.
Mathilde Lefebvre Fabienne Dufernez Ange-Line Bruel Marie Gonzales Bernard Aral Judith Saint-Onge Nadège Gigot Julie Desir Caroline Daelemans Frédérique Jossic Sébastien Schmitt Raphaele Mangione Fanny Pelluard Catherine Vincent-Delorme Jean-Marc Labaune Nicole Bigi Dominique D'Olne Anne-Lise Delezoide Annick Toutain Sophie Blesson Valérie Cormier-Daire Julien Thevenon Salima El Chehadeh Alice Masurel-Paulet Nicole Joyé Claude Vibert-Guigue Luc Rigonnot Thierry Rousseau Pierre Vabres Philippe Hervé Antonin Lamazière Jean-Baptiste Rivière Laurence Faivre Nicole Laurent Christel Thauvin-Robinet 《黑龙江环境通报》2015,35(7):675-684
85.
Metabolism of xenobiotics is a two-step process that increases the polarity of compounds to facilitate their excretion. In previous work, the major in vitro phase I metabolites of alkyl-anthracenes by rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) CYP enzymes were shown to be predominantly ring hydroxylated metabolites. Here, we present the first report on the identification of in vivo phase II metabolites of alkyl-anthracenes in juvenile rainbow trout. Bile was collected from trout injected with individual alkyl-anthracenes with, in some cases, a co-injection of β-naphthoflavone (BNF). Some samples were digested with the β-glucuronidase enzyme to confirm the presence of glucuronide conjugates. The metabolites were separated using a water-acetonitrile gradient on a HPLC system equipped with a C18 column and a UV-diode array detector. Trout with endogenous and BNF-induced enzymes produced the same metabolites, but higher concentrations of metabolites were detected after enzyme induction. Alkyl-anthracenes were metabolized predominantly on the rings as evidenced by the UV spectral analysis. Likewise, mass spectrometry and UV spectral analysis confirmed a predominance of glucuronide conjugates for all systems investigated. 相似文献
86.
Cristina Lafragüeta Balbino García-Criado Angel Arranz Beatriz R. Vázquez-de-Aldana 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(2):1285-1291
Deposition of cement dust on soils and plant surfaces is known to affect plant growth and the species composition of plant communities, but little is known about its effects (and those of its pH and constituents) on germination. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the toxicity of an aqueous cement extract, constituents of the extract and pH on the germination of seeds of a selected species, Medicago sativa. First, the effects of the extract were tested in assays with concentrations and exposure durations ranging from 0 to 1.0 g/mL and 4 to 96 h, respectively. At 0.8 g/mL, the extract strongly inhibited germination; a 4-h exposure reduced the germination rate, from 77?±?1.8 to 50?±?2.6 % (mean ± SE), while 8-h exposure completely inhibited it. Further, treatment at this concentration killed the non-germinating seeds, thus the inhibition was due to toxic effects. Neither the pH of the extract nor the concentration of its main soluble elements separately (K, Ca, S, Na, or Cr) caused the toxicity since germination rates were not significantly reduced when these variables were tested individually. However, a mixture of the elements in solution reduced germination rates, suggesting that they have adverse synergistic effects. 相似文献
87.
Pablo del Río Miguel Angel Tarancón Cristina Peñasco 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2014,19(4):391-410
The aim of this paper is to identify the factors that drive support levels for wind on-shore electricity in the Member States of the European Union (EU) with the help of econometric techniques. The econometric analysis is based on cross-section linear regressions with ordinary least squares. Four alternative specifications of the model have been estimated. The estimates comply with the basic hypotheses of the lineal model, i.e., absence of multicollinearity, accurate functional form, homokedasticity and normality in the distribution of errors. Thus, the estimations are unbiased, efficient and consistent. The results show that countries with higher wind energy generation costs have higher support levels. The higher support levels in countries with higher carbon intensities suggest that wind energy deployment is regarded as effective to mitigate carbon emissions. The type of support scheme also influences support levels, with feed-in tariffs leading to lower levels of support than other instruments. In addition, a general good investment climate in the country makes higher support levels less necessary, stressing the importance of lowering risks in order to reduce support levels and, thus, financial transfers from consumers to producers. Thus, providing stable regulatory frameworks should be a priority of policy-makers. The rest of variables (renewable energy resource potentials, administrative barriers, energy import dependency, interest rates, share of wind energy in total electricity generation as a proxy of lobbying pressures and electricity demand) are not statistically significant in most specifications and some of them do not have the expected sign. 相似文献
88.
Background, Aims and Scope Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are known for their adverse and cumulative effects at low concentration. In particular,
the PAHs accumulate in sewage sludge during wastewater treatment, and may thereafter contaminate agricultural soils by spreading
sludge on land. Therefore, sludge treatment processes constitute the unique opportunity of PAH removal before their release
in the environment. In this study, the ability of aerobic microorganisms to degrade light and heavy PAHs was investigated
in continuous bioreactors treating trace-level PAH-contaminated sludge.
Methods Several aerobic reactors were operated under continuous and perfectly mixed conditions to simulate actual aerobic sludge
digesters. Three sterile control reactors were performed at 35°C, 45°C or 55°C to assess PAH abiotic losses under mesophilic
and thermophilic conditions. Three biological reactors were also operated at 35°C, 45°C or 55°C. Furthermore, 250 mM methanol
were added in an additional mesophilic reactor (35°C). All reactors were fed with long-term PAH-contaminated sewage sludge,
and PAH removal was assessed by inlet/outlet mass balance. In this study, PAH compounds ranged from 2 to 5-unsubstituted aromatic
rings, i.e. respectively from Fluorene to Indeno(123cd)pyrene.
Results and Discussion Significant abiotic losses were observed for the lightest PAHs (fluorene, phenanthrene and anthracene), while biodegradation
occurred for all PAHs. More than 80% of the lightest PAHs were removed. Biodegradation rates inversely correlated with the
increasing molecular weight, and seemed limited by the low bioavailability of the heaviest PAHs (only 50% of removal). The
enhancement of PAH bioavailability by increasing the process temperature or adding methanol was tested. A temperature increase
from 35°C to 45°C and then to 55°C significantly enhanced the biodegradation of the heaviest PAHs from 50% to 80%. However,
high abiotic losses were observed for all PAHs at 55°C, which was attributed to volatilization. Optimal conditions were found
at 45°C considering the low abiotic losses and the high PAH biodegradation rates. Similar performances were achieved by addition
of methanol in the sludge. It was concluded that increasing temperatures or addition of methanol favored PAH diffusion from
solids to an aqueous compartment, and enhanced their bioavailability to PAH-degrading microorganisms.
Conclusion In this study, the use of long-term acclimated aerobic ecosystems showed the high potential of aerobic microorganisms to
degrade a wide range of PAHs at trace levels. However, PAH biodegradation was likely controlled by their low bioavailability.
Two aerobic processes have been finally proposed to achieve efficient decontamination of sewage sludge, at 45°C or in the
presence of methanol. The PAH concentrations in reactor outlet were lower than the French requirements, and allow the treated
sludge to be spread on agricultural land.
Recommendations and Outlook The two proposed aerobic processes used physical or chemical diffusing agents. The global ecological impact of using the
latter agents for treating trace level contamination must be considered. Since methanol was completely removed during the
process, no additional harm is expected after treatment. However, an increase of temperature to 45°C could drastically increase
the energy demand in full-scale plants, and therefore the ecological impact of the process. Moreover, since bioavailability
controls PAH biodegradation, efficiency of the processes could also be influenced by the hydraulic parameters, such as mixing
and aeration rates. Further experimentations in a pilot scale are therefore recommended, as well as a final assessment of
the global environmental benefit of using such aerobic processes in the bioremediation of trace level compounds.
- Abbreviations (PAHs): Ant – anthracene; B(a)A – benzo(a)anthracene ; B(b)F – benzo(b)fluoranthene; B(k)F – benzo(k)fluoranthene;
B(ghi)P – benzo(g,h,i)perylene; B(a)P – benzo(a)pyrene; Chrys – chrysene; DB – dibenzo(a,h)anthracene; Fluor – fluoranthene;
Fluo - fluorene; Ind – indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene; Phe - phenanthrene; Pyr – pyrene
- * The basis of this peer-reviewed paper is a presentation at the 9th FECS Conference on 'Chemistry and Environment', 29 August
to 1 September 2004, Bordeaux, France. 相似文献
89.
Jaïro Falla Philippe Laval-Gilly Michel Henryon Dominique Morlot Jean-françois Ferard 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2000,64(3):627-644
Air quality monitoring is currently ensured by captors measuring few physicochemical parameters, then they cannot evaluate unforeseen compounds and the interaction effects of pollutants. On the contrary, the use of bioindicators can answer these problems. Among them, plants are used in two ways:1) Passive bioindicators: trees, lichens and mosses are used to determine the distribution and even the contaminants long-term effects on vast zones and, possibly, the concentrations of pollutants to which they were exposed.2) Active bioindicators: tobacco and mosses make available the defective zones in plants and enable determination of deposition fluxes.Moreover, techniques based on biomarkers identification should increase the answer's sensitivity. However, the plants present the disadvantage of being unable to provide a response in a time lapse comparable with that of the on-line analysers. Lastly, the development of tools using animal cells should allow, in the near future, to measure the total polluting load under conditions close to those of the routine techniques. Then, the real impact of the contaminant on public health could be approached. 相似文献
90.